human baby development
Child development refers to the biological and psychological changes that occur in human beings between birth and the end of adolescence, as the individual progresses from dependency to increasing autonomy. Because these developmental changes may be strongly influenced by genetic factors and events during prenatal life, genetics and prenatal development are usually included as part of the study of child development. Related terms include "developmental psychology", referring to development throughout the lifespan and "pediatrics", the branch of medicine relating to the care of children. Developmental change may occur as a result of genetically-controlled processes known as maturation, or as a result of environmental factors and learning, but most commonly involves an interaction between the two.
Age-related development terms are: newborn (ages 0–1 month); infant (ages 1 month – 1 year); toddler (ages 1–3 years); preschooler (ages 4–6 years); school-aged child (ages 6–13 years); adolescent (ages 13–18). However, organizations like Zero to Three and the World Association for Infant Mental Health use the term infant as a broad category, including children from birth to age 3, a logical decision considering that the Latin derivation of the word infant refers to those who have no speech, The optimal development of children is considered vital to society and so it is important to understand the social, cognitive, emotional, and educational development of children. Increased research and interest in this field has resulted in new theories and strategies, with specific regard to practice that promotes development within the school system. In addition there are also some theories that seek to describe a sequence of states that comprise child development.
References
- ^ Kail RE (2006). Children and Their Development (4 ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0131949119.
- ^ Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The Ecology of Human Development: Experiments by Nature and Design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (ISBN 0-674-22457-4)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Smith PK, Cowie H and Blades M. Understanding Children's Development. Basic psychology (4 ed.). Oxford, England: Blackwell.
- ^ a b Wood SE, Wood CE and Boyd D (2006). Mastering the world of psychology (2 ed.). Allyn & Bacon.
- ^ a b c Mind in Society: The development of higher psychological processes (Translation by Michael Cole). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 1978 (Published originally in Russian in 1930).
- ^ Thought and Language. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 1962.
- ^ a b Cultural, Communication, and Cognition: Vygotskian Perspectives. Cambridge University Press. 1985.
- ^ Watson, J.B.(1926). What the nursery has to say about instincts. In C. Murchison (Eds.) Psychologies of 1925. Worchester, MA: Clark University Press.
- ^ White, S.H.(1968). The learning maturation controversy: Hall to Hull. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 14, 187-196.
- ^ Lemma A (2007), "Psychodynamic Therapy: The Freudian Approach", in Dryden W, Handbook of Individual Therapy (5 ed.), Sage publications
- ^ Aslin, R. (1993). "Commentary: The Strange Attractiveness of Dynamic Systems to Development." In L. Smith, E. Thelen (Eds.), A Dynamic Systems Approach: Applications. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- ^ Sameroff, A. (1983). "Factors in predicting successful parenting." In Sasserath, V. (Ed.), Minimizing High-Risk Parenting. Skilman, NJ: Johnson & Johnson.
- ^ Berk, Laura E. (2009). Child Development. 8th ed. United States of America: Pearson Education, Inc.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Patterson C (2008). Child Development. New york: McGraw-Hill.
- ^ Erikson E (1968). Identity, Youth, and Crisis. New York: Norton.
- ^ a b c Mercer J (1998). Infant Development: A Multidisciplinary Introduction. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
- ^ Buchwald J (1987), "A comparison of plasticity in sensory and cognitive processing systems", in Gunzenhauser N, Infant Stimulation, Skillman NJ: Johnson & Johnson
- ^ Greenough W, Black J and Wallace C (1993), "Experience and brain development", in Johnson M, Brain Development and Cognition, Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 319-322
human baby development
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